As far inflation goes, inflation
can come from printing money. But there is a bigger story.
The question here is what is the root problem, and what are the consequences of different actions? Is there at least a "least bad" option?
The financial crises and the gov't & central bank's responses we've had on the two sides of the Atlantic have been a very interesting experiment of the two different schools of thought on how to deal with a credit crisis and recession.
The USA had followed a school of thought that has favored interventionist philosophies by the gov't and central bank. On the gov't side, by tax cuts and spending increases to try and grow out of the recession and lower unemployment. On the central bank side, willinginess to expand the money supply to maintain liquidity to keep credit markets functioning and borrowing costs low, as well as ease unemployment. The Fed has a dual mandate of price stability
and low employment.
Recessions are seen as a malfunction/short circuiting of the market, and intervention can restore order and more quickly restore growth.
The EU has taken a non-interventionist model, following the "Austrian model" of economics, primarily driven by the Germans. (FWIW, Ron Paul is a self-desribed Austrian.) An overriding idea that recessions are neccessary destructive acts, and intervention distrupts this process and leaves the work "undone." Maintaining market confidence and heathly balance sheets are seen as the priority. This translates to tax increases, spending cuts, wage cuts and public layoff policies. Ie "Austerity Packages." This self-inflicted pain is expected to be rewarded with market confidence due to their demonstrated dicipline.
The ECB only has price stability as a mandate. It is not charged to regard employment consequences in its policy decisions.
So, how have the two different systems faired? We both had a large housing bubble that burst, and are now dealing with large private sector and public debt. Both are well delevoped economies of similar scale. The EU is a little bigger, but is not as integrated as the US. Both systems are suffering from intense political quabbling and indecision.
By all measures, the US as a whole is much better off than the EU (everything is relative here.) Overall unemployment is lower.
GDP growth is higher (we are weakly growing (+3% for Q4,) and EU is facing likely recession.) US credit markets are functioning better. While we have weak wage growth, many parts of the EU are seeing wages fall.
Regarding the current crisis: US borrowing costs are far lower than everywhere in the EU that's not Germany, and even then still less than Germany. Where is their "Virtue" being rewarded?
10 year bonds for the US are ~2.0%, Ger ~2.25%, ITA boomed to over 7%
(+5.5% over benchmark German bonds.) Look at the rates over the last year. ITA spiked, and so
has France , and
so has Spain.
This spike is what is screwing ITA, FRA, SPA, etc. Some EU states have better balance sheets than the US, but bond markets freaked out over
perceptions of risk. The US rates are low as we can never, ever default, as we have the Fed who can always print money to pay investors, and are willing to do so. There are consequences for inflation, but that is not the pressing concern. In fact, inflation has been well below historical avg, despite the FED
tripling their balance sheet in since 2008. Ask Ron Paul to explain that.
=> Printing does not always lead to inflation! Its context that matters!
Italy can afford its debt, but because Germany (the EU's main creditor) has been reluctant to intervene, and the ECB has a hands off policy, AND because Italy is on the Euro (a defacto gold std), they
do carry a risk premium of default. In dealing with Greece, the EU looks incompetant. Risk premiums push up bonds everywhere. Higher rates make default more likely, so rates go up higher. Now rates are above which Italy can afford, looks insolvent and is threatening default. Nothing has really changed fundamentally in their economies, just their (in)actions have changed perceptions. ===>
Self-fulfilling crisis.
Worrying about potential future elevated inflation while your currency is on the verge of collapse is like having your house on fire but refusing to turn on the sprinklers because you don't want the drapes to get wet. Considering the heart of the crisis is to much debt, higher inflation is actually not a bad thing (whole other long-ass post tho.)
Luckily the ECB is pulling its head out of its ass and buying up Italian and Spanish bonds today. They have to be lender of last resort or game over for the Euro. They don't even have to buy a lot of debt, they just need to show they
willing to act, and the perception of risk (and bond rates) will begin to fall. Italy is solvent as long as Germany doesn't F it up for them.